debian下使用Postfix，Dovecot，MySQL，roundcube搭建邮件服务器
网上有很多使用Postfix搭建邮件服务器的文章，但是没有一个能够顺利搭建的，经过多次摧毁重建终于完成了邮件系统，并且可以顺利收发邮件。本文将介绍在Debian系统中使用Postfix+Dovecot+MySQL+roundcube搭建邮件服务器。
首先介绍基本要求：域名，带公共ip的服务器，服务器能够开放邮件端口，25，110，143，465，587，993，995。如果没开放的话就可以放弃了。当然还有必不可少的linux使用技能。想vi什么的都不知道的话就算了，因为设置非常复杂，我也是经过大量搜索实践才完成。
各个组件的用途：
Postfix: 是一个标准的MTA「Mail Transfer Agent」服务器，它负责通过SMTP协议管理发送到本机的邮件以及由本机发向外界的邮件。在本例中，Postfix会把邮件的本地投递工作「接受到邮件之后将邮件存档到本地磁盘」交给Dovecot的LMTP服务「Local Mail Transfer Protocol service」处理。
Dovecot: 是IMAP/POP服务器用以接收外界发送到本机的邮件。Dovecot的工作内容包括：验证用户身份以确保邮件不会被泄露。在本例中，Dovecot将负责账号密码验证工作，我们会配置Dovecot查询本地的MySQL数据库以确认邮件账号身份。
MySQL: 数据库，用于存储所有的域名与用户信息，其中包括：需要监听的域名信息、用户邮箱地址、登录密码、邮箱别名「alias」等
下面直接介绍在军哥lnmp环境下的邮件服务器搭建过程。
DNS配置
首先是域名，这里以bobobk.com为例，另外也准备一个用于收发邮件的服务器。然后去域名商设置DNS。以cloudflare为例， 这里需要设置mx记录，mail服务器和spf防垃圾txt设置，这里另外设置一个mx的a记录用于记录不经过cdn的解析。 以本域名为例
A imap 107.148.0.0 DNS only Auto
A mx 107.148.0.0 DNS only Auto
A pop 107.148.0.0 DNS only Auto
A smtp 107.148.0.0 DNS only Auto
MX bobobk.com mx.bobobk.xyz DNS only Auto
TXT bobobk.com v=spf1 mx mx:mx.bobobk.com ip4:107.148.0.0 ~all DNS only Auto
设置hostname
设置好服务器的hostname和hosts文件 首先是/etc/hostname
mx.bobobk.com
hosts文件,/etc/hosts
localhost mx.bobobk.com bobobk.com
随后更新hostname
hostname -F /etc/hostname
postfix,dovecot的安装
安装
apt update -y
apt upgrade -y
apt install postfix postfix-mysql dovecot-core dovecot-imapd dovecot-pop3d dovecot-lmtpd dovecot-mysql -y
在postfix安装时提示类型，选择Internet Site,system mail name直接设置mx.bobobk.com
mysql初始化，用户设置
这里需要两个数据库，一个为postfix，用于用户账号密码验证。一个roundcube，用于邮件网页端登陆发送收取邮件的数据库。
首先是postfix的数据库和创建
CREATE DATABASE postfix;
grant all privileges on postfix.* to 'postfixadmin'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'postfixadminp';
use postfix;
##域名表
CREATE TABLE `virtual_domains` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
`name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
##用户表
CREATE TABLE `virtual_users` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
`domain_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`password` varchar(106) NOT NULL,
`email` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `email` (`email`),
FOREIGN KEY (domain_id) REFERENCES virtual_domains(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
## 别名表
CREATE TABLE `virtual_aliases` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
`domain_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`source` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
`destination` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
FOREIGN KEY (domain_id) REFERENCES virtual_domains(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
接下来插入必要的数据
# 域名
insert into virtual_domains(id,name) values(1,'bobobk.com');
insert into virtual_domains(id,name) values(2,'mx.bobobk.com');
# 用户
insert into virtual_users(id,domain_id,password,email) values(1,1,'testpassword','[email protected]');
insert into virtual_users(id,domain_id,password,email) values(2,1,'testpassword','[email protected]');
#别名
insert into virtual_aliases(id,domain_id,source,destination) values values (1,2,'[email protected]','[email protected]');
顺便查看插入的数据
select * from virtual_domains;
select * from virtual_users;
select * from virtual_aliases;
Postfix配置修改
接下来进行postfix的配置修改 首先是/etc/postfix/main.cf文件，直接替换就好,记得修改bobobk.com成你的域名
smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name (Debian/GNU)
biff = no
# appending .domain is the MUA's job.
append_dot_mydomain = no
# Uncomment the next line to generate "delayed mail" warnings
#delay_warning_time = 4h
readme_directory = no
# See http://www.postfix.org/COMPATIBILITY_README.html -- default to 2 on
# fresh installs.
compatibility_level = 2
# TLS parameters
smtpd_tls_cert_file=/usr/local/nginx/conf/ssl/mx.bobobk.com/fullchain.cer
smtpd_tls_key_file=/usr/local/nginx/conf/ssl/mx.bobobk.com/mx.bobobk.com.key
smtpd_use_tls=yes
smtpd_tls_auth_only = yes
smtp_sasl_auth_enable = yes
smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes
smtp_tls_security_level = may
smtpd_tls_security_level = may
smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous, noplaintext
smtpd_sasl_tls_security_options = noanonymous
# See /usr/share/doc/postfix/TLS_README.gz in the postfix-doc package for
# information on enabling SSL in the smtp client.
# Authentication
smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot
smtpd_sasl_path = private/auth
smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes
#
smtpd_helo_restrictions =
permit_mynetworks,
permit_sasl_authenticated,
reject_invalid_helo_hostname,
reject_non_fqdn_helo_hostname
smtpd_recipient_restrictions =
permit_mynetworks,
permit_sasl_authenticated,
reject_non_fqdn_recipient,
reject_unknown_recipient_domain,
reject_unlisted_recipient,
reject_unauth_destination
smtpd_sender_restrictions =
permit_mynetworks,
permit_sasl_authenticated,
reject_non_fqdn_sender,
reject_unknown_sender_domain
smtpd_relay_restrictions = permit_mynetworks permit_sasl_authenticated defer_unauth_destination
myhostname = mx.bobobk.com
#alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases
#alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
mydomain = bobobk.com
myorigin = $mydomain
mydestination = localhost
#mydestination = $myhostname, mx.bobobk.com, debian.debian, localhost.debian, localhost
relayhost =
mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128
mailbox_size_limit = 0
recipient_delimiter = +
inet_interfaces = all
inet_protocols = all
# Handing off local delivery to Dovecot's LMTP, and telling it where to store mail
virtual_transport = lmtp:unix:private/dovecot-lmtp
# Virtual domains, users, and aliases
virtual_mailbox_domains = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-domains.cf
virtual_mailbox_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-users.cf
virtual_alias_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-alias.cf,
# Even more Restrictions and MTA params
disable_vrfy_command = yes
strict_rfc821_envelopes = yes
#smtpd_etrn_restrictions = reject
#smtpd_reject_unlisted_sender = yes
#smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient = yes
smtpd_delay_reject = yes
smtpd_helo_required = yes
smtp_always_send_ehlo = yes
#smtpd_hard_error_limit = 1
smtpd_timeout = 30s
smtp_helo_timeout = 15s
smtp_rcpt_timeout = 15s
smtpd_recipient_limit = 40
minimal_backoff_time = 180s
maximal_backoff_time = 3h
# Reply Rejection Codes
invalid_hostname_reject_code = 550
non_fqdn_reject_code = 550
unknown_address_reject_code = 550
unknown_client_reject_code = 550
unknown_hostname_reject_code = 550
unverified_recipient_reject_code = 550
unverified_sender_reject_code = 550
然后是/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-domains.cf 文件
user = postfixadmin
password = postfixadminp
hosts = 127.0.0.1
dbname = postfix
query = SELECT 1 FROM virtual_domains WHERE name='%s'
/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-users.cf 文件
user = postfixadmin
password = postfixadminp
hosts = 127.0.0.1
dbname = postfix
query = SELECT 1 FROM virtual_users WHERE email='%s'
/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-alias.cf 文件
user = postfixadmin
password = postfixadminp
hosts = 127.0.0.1
dbname = postfix
query = SELECT destination FROM virtual_aliases WHERE source='%s'
接着是/etc/postfix/master.cf
#
# Postfix master process configuration file. For details on the format
# of the file, see the master(5) manual page (command: "man 5 master" or
# on-line: http://www.postfix.org/master.5.html).
#
# Do not forget to execute "postfix reload" after editing this file.
#
# ==========================================================================
# service type private unpriv chroot wakeup maxproc command + args
# (yes) (yes) (no) (never) (100)
# ==========================================================================
smtp inet n - y - - smtpd
#smtp inet n - y - 1 postscreen
#smtpd pass - - y - - smtpd
#dnsblog unix - - y - 0 dnsblog
#tlsproxy unix - - y - 0 tlsproxy
submission inet n - y - - smtpd
-o syslog_name=postfix/submission
-o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt
-o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
-o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no
-o smtpd_sasl_type=dovecot
-o smtpd_sasl_path=private/auth
-o smtpd_client_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject #$mua_client_restrictions
# -o smtpd_helo_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions
# -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions
# -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=
# -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
-o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING
smtps inet n - y - - smtpd
-o syslog_name=postfix/smtps
-o smtpd_tls_wrappermode=yes
-o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
-o smtpd_sasl_type=dovecot
-o smtpd_sasl_path=private/auth
# -o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no
# -o smtpd_client_restrictions=$mua_client_restrictions
# -o smtpd_helo_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions
# -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions
# -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=
-o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
-o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING
#628 inet n - y - - qmqpd
pickup unix n - y 60 1 pickup
cleanup unix n - y - 0 cleanup
qmgr unix n - n 300 1 qmgr
#qmgr unix n - n 300 1 oqmgr
tlsmgr unix - - y 1000? 1 tlsmgr
rewrite unix - - y - - trivial-rewrite
bounce unix - - y - 0 bounce
defer unix - - y - 0 bounce
trace unix - - y - 0 bounce
verify unix - - y - 1 verify
flush unix n - y 1000? 0 flush
proxymap unix - - n - - proxymap
proxywrite unix - - n - 1 proxymap
smtp unix - - y - - smtp
relay unix - - y - - smtp
# -o smtp_helo_timeout=5 -o smtp_connect_timeout=5
showq unix n - y - - showq
error unix - - y - - error
retry unix - - y - - error
discard unix - - y - - discard
local unix - n n - - local
virtual unix - n n - - virtual
lmtp unix - - y - - lmtp
anvil unix - - y - 1 anvil
scache unix - - y - 1 scache
#
# ====================================================================
# Interfaces to non-Postfix software. Be sure to examine the manual
# pages of the non-Postfix software to find out what options it wants.
#
# Many of the following services use the Postfix pipe(8) delivery
# agent. See the pipe(8) man page for information about ${recipient}
# and other message envelope options.
# ====================================================================
#
# maildrop. See the Postfix MAILDROP_README file for details.
# Also specify in main.cf: maildrop_destination_recipient_limit=1
#
maildrop unix - n n - - pipe
flags=DRhu user=vmail argv=/usr/bin/maildrop -d ${recipient}
#
# ====================================================================
#
# Recent Cyrus versions can use the existing "lmtp" master.cf entry.
#
# Specify in cyrus.conf:
# lmtp cmd="lmtpd -a" listen="localhost:lmtp" proto=tcp4
#
# Specify in main.cf one or more of the following:
# mailbox_transport = lmtp:inet:localhost
# virtual_transport = lmtp:inet:localhost
#
# ====================================================================
#
# Cyrus 2.1.5 (Amos Gouaux)
# Also specify in main.cf: cyrus_destination_recipient_limit=1
#
#cyrus unix - n n - - pipe
# user=cyrus argv=/cyrus/bin/deliver -e -r ${sender} -m ${extension} ${user}
#
# ====================================================================
# Old example of delivery via Cyrus.
#
#old-cyrus unix - n n - - pipe
# flags=R user=cyrus argv=/cyrus/bin/deliver -e -m ${extension} ${user}
#
# ====================================================================
#
# See the Postfix UUCP_README file for configuration details.
#
uucp unix - n n - - pipe
flags=Fqhu user=uucp argv=uux -r -n -z -a$sender - $nexthop!rmail ($recipient)
#
# Other external delivery methods.
#
ifmail unix - n n - - pipe
flags=F user=ftn argv=/usr/lib/ifmail/ifmail -r $nexthop ($recipient)
bsmtp unix - n n - - pipe
flags=Fq. user=bsmtp argv=/usr/lib/bsmtp/bsmtp -t$nexthop -f$sender $recipient
scalemail-backend unix - n n - 2 pipe
flags=R user=scalemail argv=/usr/lib/scalemail/bin/scalemail-store ${nexthop} ${user} ${extension}
mailman unix - n n - - pipe
flags=FR user=list argv=/usr/lib/mailman/bin/postfix-to-mailman.py
${nexthop} ${user}
postfix测试
重启postfix
systemctl restart postfix
开始测试前面设置的mysql数据
postmap -q bobobk.com mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-domains.cf
1
postmap -q [email protected] mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-users.cf
1
postmap -q [email protected] mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-alias.cf
[email protected]
前两条返回1，后面返回对应的域名，说明测试成功。
dovecot设置
首先是/etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf文件下面三项需要修改
!include_try /usr/share/dovecot/protocols.d/*.protocol
protocols = imap pop3 lmtp
postmaster_address = postmaster at bobobk.com
然后是/etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf
mail_location = maildir:/home/mail/%d/%n/
mail_privileged_group = mail
接着是/etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-auth.conf，修改下面几项
disable_plaintext_auth = yes
auth_mechanisms = plain login
!include auth-system.conf.ext
!include auth-sql.conf.ext
再来是/etc/dovecot/conf.d/auth-sql.conf.ext
passdb {
driver = sql
# Path for SQL configuration file, see example-config/dovecot-sql.conf.ext
args = /etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf.ext
}
userdb {
driver = static
args = uid=vmail gid=vmail home=/home/mail/%d/%n
}
文件/etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf.ext
driver = mysql
default_pass_scheme = PLAIN
password_query = \
SELECT email as user, password FROM virtual_users WHERE email='%u';
connect = host=127.0.0.1 dbname=postfix user=postfixadmin password=postfixadminp
文件/etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-master.conf
service imap-login {
inet_listener imap {
port = 143
}
inet_listener imaps {
port = 993
ssl = yes
}
service pop3-login {
inet_listener pop3 {
port = 110
}
inet_listener pop3s {
port = 995
ssl = yes
}
}
service lmtp {
unix_listener /var/spool/postfix/private/dovecot-lmtp {
#mode = 0666i
mode = 0600
user = postfix
group = postfix
}
}
service imap {
}
service pop3 {
}
service auth {
unix_listener /var/spool/postfix/private/auth {
mode = 0660
user = postfix
group = postfix
}
unix_listener auth-userdb {
mode = 0666
user = vmail
#group =
}
user = dovecot
}
service auth-worker {
user = vmail
}
service dict {
unix_listener dict {
}
}
文件/etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-ssl.conf
ssl = yes
ssl_cert = </usr/local/nginx/conf/ssl/mx.bobobk.com/fullchain.cer
ssl_key = </usr/local/nginx/conf/ssl/mx.bobobk.com/mx.bobobk.com.key
设置权限
chown -R vmail:dovecot /etc/dovecot
重启dovecot
systemctl restart dovecot
roundcube的安装配置
首先是确保第一步dns设置到了本ip，然后将roungcube下载到对应站点文件夹，比如mail.bobobk.com的话就是
## lnmp vhost add添加邮件域名后再运行
cd /home/wwwroot/mail.bobobk.com
wget https://github.com/roundcube/roundcubemail/archive/refs/heads/master.zip
unzip master.zip
mv roun*/* .
rmdir -rf roundcube*
chown -R www:www /home/wwwroot/mail.bobobk.com
接下来进行roundcube的安装 浏览器进入 mail.bobobk.com 一步一步进行安装，需要注意php需要的环境
cURL: OK
FileInfo: OK
Exif: OK
Iconv: OK
LDAP: OK
GD: OK
Imagick: OK
Zip: OK
就是FileInfo,Exif,LDAP,Imagick需要安装，目前lnmp1.9的话可以通过addon.sh添加，1.8貌似添加不上，所以要以最新的lnmp脚本安装，如果宝塔的话没测试不知道。 安装好后可以将删除installer文件夹。
连接测试
主要进行端口的测试，开放端口，我使用了ufw，注意不要把自己关在了外面。
apt install ufw -y
ufw allow 22
ufw allow 80
ufw allow 443
ufw allow 110
ufw allow 143
ufw allow 993
ufw allow 995
安装端口测试软件net-tools,telnet,mailutils
apt install net-tools -y
apt install telnet -y
apt install mailutils -y
端口开放检测
netstat -nlp|grep -v unix
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:143 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 25043/dovecot
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 20750/nginx: worker
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 20750/nginx: worker
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:465 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 11857/master
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 5790/sshd
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 11857/master
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:443 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 20750/nginx: worker
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:993 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 25043/dovecot
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:995 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 25043/dovecot
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 31374/mysqld
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:587 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 11857/master
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:110 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 25043/dovecot
可以看到postfix监听的25，465，587端口，dovecot监听的110，143，993，995是开放的，不过前面ufw防火墙没有开放postfix的端口，是为了防止邮件被滥用。
dovecot登陆检测
使用110端口测试,使用前面数据库的明文密码，user和pass为账号和密码
telnet 127.0.0.1 110
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to 127.0.0.1.
Escape character is '^]'.
+OK Dovecot ready.
user [email protected]
+OK
pass testpassword
+OK Logged in.
quit
+OK Logging out.
Connection closed by foreign host.
检测接收邮件
那么就可以接下来进行邮件收取的操作了，直接进入roundcude进行验证，前面设置的邮件密码是 [email protected],密码是testpassword,然后向google邮箱发个邮件试试，结果发现已经成功。
my new server test mail
rom
Stored with zero-access encryption
tech<[email protected]>
Star message
Inbox
PM 12:14
To
[email protected]
this is the email from bobobk.com
不过要想顺利的发邮件的话，还需要设置PTR，我这服务器不允许，发送邮件到谷歌邮箱的时候就会提示错误，会被拒收。所以大概率只能用来收邮件了
总结
本文将在debian上搭建邮件服务器成功后的配置过程和文件进行简单说明，因为各配置的意义实在很多，有需求的可以多看看我参考的资料，各资料均有问题，请搭配本文使用0-0
参考
- 原文作者：春江暮客
- 原文链接：https://www.bobobk.com/675.html
- 版权声明：本作品采用知识共享署名-非商业性使用-禁止演绎 4.0 国际许可协议进行许可，非商业转载请注明出处（作者，原文链接），商业转载请联系作者获得授权。